the most obvious sign is it starts leaking diesel or you get diesel coming out of the timing cover wading plug hole.
other signs you need some gear to check for, but assuming you have that stuff then
lower injection pressure (can be checked by doing the upside down injector trick)
wandering injection timing (assuming that its not a loose belt or pully
not holding residual line pressure (usually acompanied by a low injection pressure)
not making full set fuel delivery
uneven delivery
excessive hunting (especially if its hot and running above idle)

