If the wheels are turning forwards then the conveyor must already be running backwards at the same speed but in the opposite direction, according to the question.
The conveyor belt doesn't need to be that long either, just a couple of metres.
The tracks on the conveyor are running backwards, but the unit itself is stationary.
Since the conveyor unit is stationary, while the tracks are turning opposite to the wheels, then the plane attached to the wheels is also stationary. So no uplift and no takeoff, I think.
An ex-SAS soldier once told me that there were only two types of helicopters, "those that have crashed, and those that are going to crash".
Assuming wheel bearing friction is negligible then there are only 5 forces are acting on the plane.
1 Thrust from the engine - huge in any realistic aircraft engine.
2 gravity - constant but always directed down
3 lift - variable but always directed up
4 drag - variable, but always directed in the opposite direction to movement and therefore to thrust.
5 wheel rolling friction - very small compared to thrust from an engine but always directed in the opposite direction to wheel rotation
If the force of thrust is greater than the sum of the opposing forces of drag and wheel rolling friction then there is nothing on gods earth which will stop that plane moving forward, whether it is on a conveyor or not.
Since it moves forward the wings will generate a lift force. When the force of lift exceeds the force of gravity the plane will fly.
None of the above forces have anything to do with the conveyor. The conveyor can spin those wheels in any direction it likes, at pretty much any speed it likes within the bounds of reason. Provided thrust exceeds the sum of drag and friction losses associated with the wheel's movement then the plane moves and flies.
2024 RRS on the road
2011 D4 3.0 in the drive way
1999 D2 V8, in heaven
1984 RRC, in hell
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