The fibre optic based temperature sensors that I am aware of operate on the basis that the glass fibre expands as a result of a temperature rise. By placing the tip of the fibre near or on the heat source the expansion of the fibre is related to the temperature of the source you are trying to measure. The amount the fibre expands is detected by measuring the path length in the fibre. A form of time domain reflectomery is used to measure the expansion of the fibre, a light signal is sent down the fibre then the time taken for the signal to go down the fibre and back tells you how long the fibre is. Instead of using a pulse if you modulate the signal you can monitor the phase change which relates to path length.
The fibre probes I am aware of that use the above described method are good to 250-300C

