
Originally Posted by
Pedro_The_Swift
all the sails I've ever seen are triangular,,
whats with the square one and the red one?
The first sails fitted to any boats or ships over four thousand years ago were square, or at least quadrilateral. Triangular sails first appeared only in the last couple of thousand years. These were what is called lateen rig, where the sail is supported by a very long yard along the top, supported on the mast about a third of the way from the lower end. These were used in the Mediterranean and Arab areas of influence, and were adopted together with traditional square sails to give a combined rig on northern European ships starting in the fifteenth century. By the seventeenth century the part of the lateen sail in front of the mast was dropped to give a quadrilateral sail called a "gaff" sail, and triangular sails disappeared from European vessels until well into the eighteenth century when staysails, that is sails set on sails between the masts and from the mast to the bowsprit, were introduced. The gaff topsail was introduced to fill the space above the gaff sail in the seventeenth century and was widely used into the 20th century. Of course, most ships of any size remained square rigged well into the 20th century, similar to Cook's Endeavour (which, however had one gaff sail as well as did most).
The mainsails (called Marconi or Bermudan) you are familiar with need to be much taller to give sufficient area in comparison, and these did not become feasible until wire rope was introduced in the nineteenth century, but they do, by having a higher aspect ratio, give more efficient lift when working to windward, and so, encouraged by the layout of racing circuits to favour boats that go well to windward, began to be preferred for racing yachts. But the problems with them made them very uncommon even for racing offshore until after WW2. The availability of extruded masts and continuing emphasis on windward performance has led to their becoming almost universal on mass produced yachts, and gaff rigs have become very uncommon as "one off" boats have become rare. Despite this, cruising yachts very rarely had Bermudan rigs until the late 1950s.
The advantage of gaff rig compared to Bermudan is that the rigging is less stressed, the masts are lower, giving the ability to reduce windage in extreme conditions, and making mast breakages virtually unheard of.
John
John
JDNSW
1986 110 County 3.9 diesel
1970 2a 109 2.25 petrol
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