European vehicle tax brackets used to be on engine size. But at some point they switched to CO2 emissions (which is fuel economy).
But both of course have the same outcome. Engines being down-sized and boosted more heavily in all vehicles.
The toyota 4.5 V8 in the 70 series is IMO an example of an engine with poor performance and fuel economy for it's size.
A family member has a 4.2 tdv8 vehicle and it has continual issues. Issues which I put down to the engine being oversized for the work it has to do. It literally doesn't work hard enough to burn itself clean internally. Fuel economy is also terrible.

