Depending on the install, for example the Dash 8 - you press the test button where the cockpit area mike is, and you get a couple of flashes of an LED if it's working. On earlier models there was an analogue gauge like an audio meter that would flick quickly full scale twice to indicate a successful test.
On my current type, it's the same as the Dash 8.
During the preflight, an FDR that fails to test is considered a no-go item, but can be MEL'd for a short period of time (with limitations).
EDIT: The CVR panel in the plane I’m flying today. VH-YFV B737-800 about 2 years old


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