1. The MAF sensor is located in the intake system between the air filter housing and the turbocharger.
The ECM uses
the information generated by the MAF to control exhaust gas recirculation (EGR).
The MAF sensor works on the hot film principal. The MAF sensor has 2 sensing elements contained within a film. One
element is controlled at ambient temperature e.g. 25 °C (77 °F) while the other is heated to 200 °C (392 °F) above
this temperature e.g. 225 °C (437 °F). As air passes through the MAF sensor the hot film will be cooled. The current
required to keep the constant 200 °C (392 °F) difference provides a precise although non-linear signal of the air drawn
into the engine. The MAF sensor sends a voltage between 0 and 5 volts to the ECM proportional to the mass of the
incoming air.
This calculation allows the ECM to set the EGR ratio for varying operating conditions.
2. The AAP sensor is located in the top of the air filter housing. It provides voltage signals relative to both ambient air
pressure and temperature to the ECM. The AAP sensor produces a voltage between 0 and 5 volts proportional to the
pressure level of the air in the air filter housing. A reading of 0 volts indicates low pressure and a reading of 5 volts
indicates high pressure.
The ECM uses the signal from the AAP sensor for the following functions:
l To maintain manifold boost pressure.
l To reduce exhaust smoke emissions while driving at high altitude.
l Control of the EGR system.
The sensor also supplies a voltage between 0v and 5v proportional to ambient temperature. The ECM uses this signal
for the following functions:
l Exhaust gas over temperature protection.
l Turbocharger overspeed protection.
3. The MAP/IAT sensors are combined in one unit located in the inlet manifold. It provides pressure and temperature
information about the air in the inlet manifold to the ECM. The ECM compares the voltage signal to stored values and
compensates fuel delivery as necessary.
The ECM uses the signal from the MAP/IAT sensor for the following
functions:
l To calculate the delivered fuel limits.
l To calculate the air mass in the cylinder.
l To calculate the air speed density.
l To calculate air temperature.
The MAP sensor works on the piezo crystal principal. Piezo crystals are pressure sensitive and will oscillate in
accordance to changes in air pressure. The MAP sensor produces a voltage between 0 and 5 volts proportional to
the pressure level of the air in the inlet manifold. A reading of 0 volts indicates a low pressure and a reading of 5 volts
indicates a high pressure.
The IAT portion of the sensor works as a Negative Temperature Co-efficient (NTC) sensor. As air temperature rises,
the resistance in the sensor decreases. As temperature decreases the resistance in the sensor increases. The ECM
compares the voltage signal to stored values and compensates fuel delivery as necessary.
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