In
The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household." He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He describes his Kenyan father as "raised a Muslim," but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his Indonesian stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." In the book, Obama explains how, through working with
black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."
[147] He has been a member of Chicago's
Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992.
[148]
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